On the energies spread of the Gaussian distributed in nuclear scattering experiments

It is well known that lteams of particles from cyclotrons have a Gaussian energy distribution. Scattering on a target causes the incident beam to become more spread out in energy. On the other hand, the improved accuracy of measurements in recent years makes it indispensible to have exact knowledge of the energy spectrum of the outgoing beam. In this paper the employment, of certain assumptions leads to the derivation of simple formulae which make it possible to calculate the resulting energy spectrum of the outgoing beam

Compound nucleus contribution to the alpha particle scattering on 28Si nuclei

Compound nucleus contribution to the elastic and inelastic scattering of alpha particles on 28Si nuclei is estimated. The analysis is based on the Hauser-Feshbach theory of compound reactions. For two selected alpha particle energies the experimental energy averaged angular distributions are compared with those calculated as an incoherent sum of direct and compound nucleus (for ground and 1.78 MeV states) or pure compound nucleus (for 4.61 MeV state) cross-sections

A potential model of fusion with transmission coefficients calculated by the matrix method

A barrier penetration model of heavy-ions fusion is presented. To calculate the transmission coefficients through any one-dimensional barrier of nucleus-nucleus real potential a matrix method is used. The parameters of the model are the critical radius and the parameters of nuclear interaction. The model is tested on several cases oi fusion, i.e. a + 40,44Ca, 12C + 12C, 160 + 160 and 12C + 24Mg and it is found to reproduce the data quite well

Influence of the energy spectrum and spatial spread of proton beams used in eye tumor treatment on the depth-dose characteristics

The influence of the energy spectrum and the spatial spread of a therapeutic proton beam impinging on an irradiated medium (called the entrance beam) on the depth-dose characteristics in water, in the proton energy range of 50÷70 MeV was studied. It turns out that full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the Bragg peak increases almost linearly with increasing proton energy. It ranges from 1.53 mm for 50 MeV to 2.59 mm for 70 MeV, for monoenergetic protons. Moreover, the significant influence of the energy spread of the entrance proton beam on the intensity and FWHM of the Bragg peak is visible. FWHM of the Bragg peak of 60 MeV protons is equal to 2.03, 3.37 and 5.86 mm for a monoenergetic beam and beams with an energy spread of 0.5 and 1 MeV SD (standard deviation), respectively. The intensity of the Bragg peak of a 60 MeV proton beam with an energy spread of 1 MeV SD is approximately 25% less than that for a monoenergetic beam. Moreover, the Bragg peak shifts to smaller depths as the energy spread of the entrance beam increases. The shift of the peak is about 0.2÷0.3 mm for a beam with an energy spread of 0.5 MeV SD and between 0.4÷0.5 mm for an energy spread of 1 MeV SD, compared with a monoenergetic beam in the energy range from 50 to 60 MeV. However, the spatial spread of the entrance proton beam does not affect significantly the depth-dose characteristic

l-dependent resonance absorption in the optical model description of alpha particle elastic scattering

The interaction of alpha particles with atomic nuclei is a useful tool for the investigation of the reaction mechanism and the structure of nucleus. Many experiments concerning the elastic scattering of alpha particles on atomic nuclei show some phenomena which are not fully understood [1-3]. Earlier investigations of the elastic alpha particle scattering from 12C [4, 5], ieO [4, 6], 20Ne [8], 24Mg [7, 8], 28Si [9, 10] and 40Ca [11-13] have revealed a strong energy dependence of the backward cross-section. The confrontation of theoretical predictions with the experiments shows that for these nuclei it is rather difficult to obtain good optical model fits to the elastic differential cross-sections in the full range of the scattering angles[…

Penetration of realistic potential barrier of H-I fusion

The calculations of heavy-ion fusion cross sections in the above and sub-barrier regions are presented. A barrier penetration model with matrix method for the calculations of transmission coefficients through real one-dimensional barrier of nucleus-nucleus potential is used. The renormalization parameter Ns of Satchler-Love M3Y nuclear potential and critical radius Rei are the two parameters of the model. A very good description of the experimental fusion cross sections for fp-shell colliding ions was obtained for the full measured energy range. It was found that both parameters Ns and reduced critical radius r„ are very similar for all systems considered and are-energy independent

The optical model and distorted-wave analysis of cross-sections for the scattering of the 24-28 MeV alpha particles from 28Si

The interaction of alpha particles with nuclei is still not well understood [1, 2]. In particular, difficulties arise in the scattering on A = 4n nuclei [3]. It seems that a simultaneous analysis of the elastic and inelastic processes permits solving some of these problems. Our analysis is based on the experimental data for the elastic and inelastic scattering of alpha particles on 28Si nuclei, obtained with the Cracow U-120 cyclotron. The angular distributions for the elastic [4] and inelastic [5] scattering leading to the first two excited states in 28Si were measured for the alpha bombarding energies of 24, 25, 26, 26.5, 27 and 28 MeV in the angular range from 2 5 ' to 179' (in lab system). The elastic process was described by means of the optical model and the inelastic one by the distorted wave theory. The possibility of resolving some of the optical model ambiguities was studied

Long lived natural radioactive elements in SPA waters of southern Poland - dose assessment and health hazard evaluation

The aim of this study was to determine the activity concentrations of 234;238U isotopes in mineral, medicinal and spring waters in spas situated in the Sudety and the Outer Carpathian Mountains and to compare the uranium content found in waters from these regions. Samples were collected over a period of 7 years (2005–2011) from 86 water intakes from the Sudety Mountains and Fore-Sudetic block and from 37 water intakes from Outer Carpathians. On the basis of the calculated activity concentrations of 234;238U as well as the existing data on 226;228Ra, the annual effective doses resulting from the consumption of these isotopes were evaluated

TRD tracking using the cellular automaton algorithm for compressed baryonic matter experiment

The paper describes implementation details of the Cellular Automaton Algorithm (CAA) [I. Abt, D. Emeliyanov, I. Gorbounov, I. Kisel, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A490, 546 (2002)] for reconstruction of the particles’ tracks in Transition Radiation Detector (TRD), designed for Compressed Baryonic Experiment (CBM) which will operate at the future Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR) in Darmstadt, Germany. The application and performance of cellular automaton method for standalone track finding and first level event selection are presented